Rare Rheumatology News

Advertisement

Disease Profile

Loin pain hematuria syndrome

Prevalence
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.

#N/A

US Estimated

Europe Estimated

Age of onset

#N/A

ICD-10

#N/A

Inheritance

Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.

no.svg

Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.

no.svg

X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.

no.svg

X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.

no.svg

Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.

no.svg

Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.

no.svg

Not applicable

no.svg

Other names (AKA)

LPHS

Summary

Loin pain hematuria syndrome (LPHS) causes severe, unexplained loin pain and blood in the urine (hematuria). The pain can be on one or both sides of the body. The frequency and length of pain episodes can vary. The blood may be easily seen in the urine or may only be seen under a microscope. Diagnosis of LPHS includes a variety of tests that rule out other possible causes of the loin pain and blood in the urine. LPHS is considered primary when it occurs without finding any damage to the tiny blood cleaning filters of the kidneys (glomeruli) and secondary when it occurs with glomerular disease caused by another disease, such as IgA nephropathy. A kidney biopsy is needed to tell the difference between primary and secondary LPHS.[1][2] 

The cause of primary LPHS is currently unknown. Unless the glomerular disease is treatable, treatment of both primary and secondary LPHS focuses on relieving the symptoms, mainly through pain management.[1][2][3] LPHS is not known to cause major kidney damage, end-stage kidney disease, or early death. Treatment for LPHS is focused on managing the pain.[1][2]

Symptoms

As the name of the syndrome suggests, the main symptoms of loin pain hematuria syndrome (LPHS) are:[1][2][3]

  • Loin pain: the pain is often described as a burning or throbbing and for some can worsen with exercise or when lying down flat on their back (facing upward). The pain may be felt on one side of the body (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral). 
  • Blood in the urine (hematuria): the blood may be noticeable in the urine or may only be seen under a microscope. Although larger amounts of blood in the urine are usually associated with severe pain episodes, in some cases, the blood may clear up even during a pain episode.

Other symptoms of LPHS may include:[1][2][3]

LPHS can affect people differently. The episodes of pain and blood in the urine can last hours or weeks. Episodes may occur several times a year or more. Sometimes the symptoms are constant and do not go away.[1][2] LPHS does not normally affect the function of the kidneys or cause other health problems. The pain associated with LPHS can be chronic and/or severe and may decrease a person's quality of life.[2]

The long term outcome of LPHS is not well understood. However, it appears that the symptoms of LPHS eventually get better on their own. Published cases and studies suggest that symptoms may last from two to thirty-five years.[2]

Cause

The cause of primary loin pain hematuria syndrome (LPHS) is not known. The blood in the urine associated with LPHS is believed to come from the glomeruli, which are the tiny blood filtering units of the kidneys. Normally the blood is filtered in a glomerulus and the waste and extra fluid is passed into a connected tubule to become urine. However, the majority of kidney biopsies from people with LPHS also find red blood cells in the tubules, suggesting at least some of the glomeruli are damaged or abnormal, causing them to be leaky. It is not clear however why sometimes the kidney biopsies do not find red blood cells in the tubules. The pain associated with LPHS is believed to come from the kidneys, but how the pain develops is not understood.[1][2][3] 

About half of the people with LPHS have had kidney stones in the past. Some scientists, therefore, suspect that the formation of crystals and/or stones in the kidney may also contribute to LPHS as the crystal or stones may block or injure the renal tubules (the long narrow tubes in the kidney that concentrate and transport urine).[1][2][3]

Sometimes loin pain hematuria syndrome is related to other conditions. When the cause of LPHS is known, some experts refer to this as LPHS, type 1 or secondary LPHS.[4]

Diagnosis

Loin pain hematuria syndrome (LPHS) is diagnosed when all other nonglomerular causes of the symptoms have been ruled out (known as a diagnosis of exclusion). Glomeruli are the blood cleaning units of the kidneys and are believed to be the source of the bleeding in LPHS. In addition to ruling out other possible causes, the episodes loin pain and blood in the urine must persist or be recurrent for at least 6 months and not associated with blockages due to kidney stones.[1][2] 

Tests to rule out other possible causes of loin pain and blood in the urine may include:[1][2]

  • Urine culture to rule out infection
  • Urinalysis to check for damage to the filtering units of the kidney (glomerular disease)
  • Endoscopy of the urethra and bladder (cystoscopy) and/or CT scan to rule out kidney stones, tumors, and cysts
  • Special X-ray or CT scan with dye (angiography or CT angiography) to rule out problems with the kidney's blood vessels, such as a tangle of veins and arteries (arteriovenous malformations or AVM)) or benign tumors made up of a build up of blood vessels (hemangiomas)
  • Upper urinary tract endoscopy (flexible ureteroscopy) to rule out problems with the tubes that carry the urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters)
  • Special blood tests to rule out bleeding disorders

kidney biopsy may be performed to rule out secondary LPHS if there are any signs of glomerular disease, such as microscopic blood in the urine or abnormal shaped blood cells with the presence of protein in urine (proteinuria), and/or increased creatinine levels in the blood. In some cases, a kidney biopsy may also be recommended to evaluate the structure and function of the kidney.[1][2][3]

Treatment

At this time, there is no disease-specific treatment or cure for loin pain hematuria syndrome (LPHS), since the cause of the disease is not understood. Unless the cause of glomerular disease is treatable, the treatment of primary and secondary LPHS focuses on pain management.[1][2]

Strategies for pain management in LPHS include avoiding activities that trigger pain, medications for pain management, and blocking the nerves that signal pain. Medications may also be used to treat nausea and vomiting if needed. If there is a history of kidney stones or build of calcium deposits, recommended treatment may include management of the amount of liquid a person drinks or changes in the diet.[1][2] 

Limited evidence suggests that drugs that inhibit angiotensin may reduce the frequency and severity of episodes of loin pain and severe hematuria.[1][2] Similarly, one study found neuromodulation through implanted electrodes successfully reduced the pain in four women with LPHS, but it is unclear if neuromodulation has been tested further as a treatment for LPHS.[2][5]

People with debilitating pain who do not respond to other therapies may be offered surgery, such as renal denervation, nephrectomy, or kidney auto-transplantation. Surgical treatment of LPHS is controversial as some studies suggest that it has limited value for treating the recurrent pain and the possible complications of the procedures may outweigh the benefits.[1][2] Non-surgical renal denervation is being studied as a possible treatment without known serious complications.[6]

Organizations

Support and advocacy groups can help you connect with other patients and families, and they can provide valuable services. Many develop patient-centered information and are the driving force behind research for better treatments and possible cures. They can direct you to research, resources, and services. Many organizations also have experts who serve as medical advisors or provide lists of doctors/clinics. Visit the group’s website or contact them to learn about the services they offer. Inclusion on this list is not an endorsement by GARD.

Organizations Supporting this Disease

    Organizations Providing General Support

      Learn more

      These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.

      Where to Start

      • The National Kidney Federation offers an information page on Loin pain hematuria syndrome. Please click on the link to view this resource.

        In-Depth Information

        • PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Loin pain hematuria syndrome. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.

          References

          1. Hebert LA, Benedetti C, Parikh SV & Nadasdy T. Loin pain-hematuria syndrome. UpToDate. Updated: Jun 28, 2019; https://www.uptodate.com/contents/loin-pain-hematuria-syndrome.
          2. Zubair AS, Salameh H, Erickson SB & Prieto M. Loin pain hematuria syndrome. Clinical Kidney Journal. February 1, 2016; 9(1):128–134. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720203/.
          3. Taba Taba Vakili S, Alam T, Sollinger H. Loin pain hematuria syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis. September 2014; 64(3):460-472. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24725981.
          4. Bath NM, Williams DH, Sollinger HW, Redfield RR 3rd. Commentary: Loin Pain Hematuria Syndrome. Rare Dis Res Treat. 2018; 3(4):1-3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457464.
          5. Goroszeniuk T, Khan R, Kothari S. Lumbar sympathetic chain neuromodulation with implanted electrodes for long-term pain relief in loin pain haematuria syndrome. Neuromodulation. October 2009; 12(4):284–291. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22151418.
          6. Prasad B, Jafari M, Kour K, Goyal K, Garcia F. Feasability study of a randomized controlled trial investigating renal denervation as a possible treatment option in patients with loin pain hematuria syndrome. Can J Kidney Health Dis. Aug 26, 2020; 7:2054358120951390:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32922827/.

          Rare Rheumatology News